Observing method of zenith distance for celestial positioning 顶距测量的天文定位法
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Apparent zenith distance 视天顶距
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According to the engineering practice , the theoretical basis and method that survey directly the horizontal distance and height difference by the total station system as fourth grade and below fourth grade control network are put forward instead of surveying slant distance and zenith distance 摘要根据工程实践，提出了用全站仪直接测量平距、高差来代替测斜距、天顶距作四等及四等以下控制网测量的理论依据和方法，并以张河湾抽水蓄能电站施工控制网为例进行了比较计算。
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